1. Animal Preparation: C57BL/6J mice were acclimated for two weeks at room temperature (22°C) and then randomly assigned to cold (6.5°C) or CL-316,243 (CL, 1 mg/kg) treatment.


2. Tn5 Transposase Preparation: Tn5 transposase was produced and loaded with MEA and ME-B oligonucleotides.


3. Nuclei Isolation: Inguinal adipose tissues were collected, minced, and homogenized to extract nuclei.


4. snATAC-seq: The snATAC-seq was performed with combinatorial indexing, where nuclei were tagged, sorted, and amplified.


5. Sequencing: Libraries were sequenced using a NextSeq 500 sequencer (Illumina).


6. Data Preprocessing: Sequencing data was demultiplexed, aligned to the mm10

reference genome, and quality checked.


7. Quality Control: Cells were filtered based on read depth and doublet scores to

remove low-quality cells and potential doublets.


8. Clustering and Annotation: Dimensionality reduction and clustering were performed to identify cell types based on chromatin accessibility profiles.


9. Differential Analysis: Differentially accessible genes and peaks were identified between cell types and conditions.


10. Transcription Factor Analysis: Transcription factor motif enrichment and activity were analyzed using chromVAR.


11. Co-accessibility Analysis: Co-accessibility of peaks was assessed using Cicero to identify potential regulatory interactions.


12. Trajectory Analysis: Pseudotime trajectory analysis was performed to infer the developmental trajectory of beige adipocytes.


13. Lipidomics: Lipids were extracted from adipose tissue and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).



1. Animal Preparation: C57BL/6J mice were acclimated for two weeks at room temperature (22°C) and then randomly assigned to cold (6.5°C) 

    or CL-316,243(CL, 1 mg/kg) treatment.




2. Tn5 Transposase Preparation: Tn5 transposase was produced and loaded with MEA and ME-B oligonucleotides.




3. Nuclei Isolation: Inguinal adipose tissues were collected, minced, and homogenized to extract nuclei.




4. snATAC-seq: The snATAC-seq was performed with combinatorial indexing, where nuclei were tagged, sorted, and amplified.




5. Sequencing: Libraries were sequenced using a NextSeq 500 sequencer (Illumina).




6. Data Preprocessing: Sequencing data was demultiplexed, aligned to the mm10 reference genome, and quality checked.




7. Quality Control: Cells were filtered based on read depth and doublet scores to remove low-quality cells and potential doublets.




8. Clustering and Annotation: Dimensionality reduction and clustering were performed to identify cell types based on 

    chromatin accessibility profiles.




9. Differential Analysis: Differentially accessible genes and peaks were identified between cell types and conditions.




10. Transcription Factor Analysis: Transcription factor motif enrichment and activity were analyzed using chromVAR.




11. Co-accessibility Analysis: Co-accessibility of peaks was assessed using Cicero to identify potential regulatory interactions.




12. Trajectory Analysis: Pseudotime trajectory analysis was performed to infer the developmental trajectory of beige adipocytes.




13. Lipidomics: Lipids were extracted from adipose tissue and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).91